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In order to enhance the attractiveness of this book as a textbook, we have included worked-out examples at appropriate points in the text and have included lists of exercises for Chapters 1 — 9. These exercises range from routine problems to alternative proofs of key theorems, but containing also material going beyond what is covered in the text.
In mathematics, a basic algebraic operation is any one of the common operations of elementary algebra, which include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, raising to a whole number power, and taking roots (fractional power). [1] These operations may be performed on numbers, in which case they are often called arithmetic operations.
Algebra is the branch of mathematics that studies certain abstract systems, known as algebraic structures, and the manipulation of expressions within those systems. It is a generalization of arithmetic that introduces variables and algebraic operations other than the standard arithmetic operations, such as addition and multiplication.
For example, multiplication is granted a higher precedence than addition, and it has been this way since the introduction of modern algebraic notation. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Thus, in the expression 1 + 2 × 3 , the multiplication is performed before addition, and the expression has the value 1 + (2 × 3) = 7 , and not (1 + 2) × 3 = 9 .
It is often contrasted with arithmetic: arithmetic deals with specified numbers, [3] whilst algebra introduces variables (quantities without fixed values). [4] This use of variables entails use of algebraic notation and an understanding of the general rules of the operations introduced in arithmetic: addition, subtraction, multiplication ...
In mathematics, an algebraic expression is an expression built up from constants (usually, algebraic numbers) variables, and the basic algebraic operations: addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (×), division (÷), whole number powers, and roots (fractional powers).