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In a loudness meter implementing EBU Mode: Reference level = −23 LUFS = 0 LU A programme with an integrated loudness of −26 LUFS measures −3 LU in EBU Mode (i.e. is 3 LU quieter than the target level). LRA Loudness Range [8] A statistically determined value that describes the loudness variation (dynamics) of a programme.
Loudness monitoring of programme levels is needed in radio and television broadcasting, as well as in audio post production.Traditional methods of measuring signal levels, such as the peak programme meter and VU meter, do not give the subjectively valid measure of loudness that many would argue is needed to optimise the listening experience when changing channels or swapping disks.
Michael L. Dorrough (born January 1942), American inventor and audio engineer regarded as the “father of multi-band processing.” He is the founder of Dorrough Electronics and inventor of the Discriminate Audio Processor (DAP) in 1973, and the Dorrough Loudness Monitor.
Sample peak programme meter (SPPM). This is a PPM for digital audio. It shows only peak sample values, not true waveform peaks (which may fall between samples and may be higher in amplitude). [1] It may have either a 'true' or a 'quasi' integration characteristic. Over-sampling peak programme meter. This is a sample PPM that first oversamples ...
Loudness units relative to full scale (LUFS) is a synonym for LKFS that was introduced in EBU R 128. [ 10 ] The EBU has suggested that the ITU should change the unit to LUFS, as LKFS does not comply with scientific naming conventions and is not in line with the standard set out in ISO 80000-8.
However, the reading from a sound level meter does not correlate well to human-perceived loudness, which is better measured by a loudness meter. Specific loudness is a compressive nonlinearity and varies at certain levels and at certain frequencies. These metrics can also be calculated in a number of different ways. [4] [example needed]