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The original intention was to compensate for this lower payload by lowering the per-launch costs and a high launch frequency. However, the actual costs of a Space Shuttle launch were higher than initially predicted, and the Space Shuttle did not fly the intended 24 missions per year as initially predicted by NASA. [54] [24]: III–489–490
Non-launch costs account for a significant part of the program budget: for example, during fiscal years 2004 to 2006, NASA spent around $13 billion on the Space Shuttle program, [19] even though the fleet was grounded in the aftermath of the Columbia disaster and there were a total of three launches during this period of time. In fiscal year ...
Many other planned missions were canceled due to the late development of the shuttle, and the Challenger and Columbia disasters. Four missions were cut short by a day or more while in orbit: STS-2 (equipment failure), [ 22 ] STS-35 (weather), [ 102 ] STS-44 (equipment failure), [ 193 ] and STS-83 (equipment failure, relaunched as STS-94 ).
Had a TAL situation arisen during a launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base, Hao and Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean would have been the TAL sites, as would Andersen AFB, Guam with one of the longest concrete runways in the world. [19] [20] RAF Fairford was the only transoceanic abort landing site for NASA's Space Shuttle in the UK. As well as ...
Space Shuttle glass cockpit (simulated, composite image) A window on Endeavour 's aft flight deck. The orbiter's flight deck or cockpit originally had 2,214 controls and displays, about three times as many as the Apollo command module. [2] The crew cabin consisted of the flight deck, the mid-deck, and the utility area.
They were also the first animals to safely return from space. [56] Albert II, a rhesus monkey, became the first mammal in space aboard a U.S. V-2 rocket on June 14, 1949, and died on reentry due to a parachute failure. The first dogs in space were launched 22 July 1951 aboard a Soviet R-1V. "Tsygin" and "Dezik" reached a height of 100 km (62 mi ...
In/by 2010 the Shuttle was formally scheduled for retirement with Atlantis being taken out of service first after STS-132 in May of that year, but the program was once again extended when the two final planned missions were delayed until 2011. [3] Later, one additional mission was added for Atlantis for July 2011, extending the program further.
A total of 106 km (66 mi) of high-speed railways were built as a bypass to the existing conventional mountainous railway line linking Thessaloniki with Athens, including 35.5 km (22.1 mi) of tunnels and 6.8 km (4.2 mi) of bridges. [140] [141] Italy: Strait of Messina Bridge: Sicily and Calabria: 2024: Proposed: 2032: €11 billion