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Its main subgroups are R1a and R1b. One subclade of haplogroup R1b (especially R1b1a2), is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe and Bashkortostan ( Lobov 2009 ), while a subclade of haplogroup R1a (especially haplogroup R1a1 ) is the most common haplogroup in large parts of South Asia , Eastern Europe , Central Asia , Western China ...
The genetic divergence of R1a (M420) is estimated to have occurred 25,000 [2] years ago, which is the time of the last glacial maximum.A 2014 study by Peter A. Underhill et al., using 16,244 individuals from over 126 populations from across Eurasia, concluded that there was "a compelling case for the Middle East, possibly near present-day Iran, as the geographic origin of hg R1a". [2]
The majority, around 70.1% fell into haplogroups and subclades of I, R1a and R1b which are specific to European populations. [1] The top four Y-DNA haplogroups among the sample of 1228 Russians are: [1] Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA) – with an average of 46.7%; Haplogroup I (Y-DNA) – with an average of 17.6%; Haplogroup N (Y-DNA) with an average of ...
Haplogroup R1b (R-M343), previously known as Hg1 and Eu18, is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup.. It is the most frequently occurring paternal lineage in Western Europe, as well as some parts of Russia (e.g. the Bashkirs) and across the Sahel in Central Africa, namely: Cameroon, Chad, Guinea, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Nigeria and Senegal (concentrated in parts of Chad with concentration in the ...
Water was supplied by 55,000 separate water systems in 2006. [8] However, US and global companies have business models which involve the privatization of utilities to achieve profitability from economy of scale. Additionally, cash-strapped municipalities see benefit to selling their water supply assets. [9]
The Flowserve Corporation is an American multinational corporation and one of the largest suppliers of industrial and environmental machinery such as pumps, valves, end face mechanical seals, automation, and services to the power, oil, gas, chemical and other industries. [5]
In 2010, the company agreed to pay a $3.25 million civil penalty for violating the Clean Water Act and to spend $41 million to upgrade more than 10,000 miles of crude oil pipelines after the United States Environmental Protection Agency pressed charges regarding 10 pipeline spills in Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Kansas between June 2004 and ...
Fluor built the first "Buddha Tower" in 1921 [8] [9] in Signal Hill, California, for the Industrial Fuel Supply Company. [11] The Buddha Tower was a design of water-cooling tower named after the Buddha temples they resemble. [8] [9] The following year Fluor was awarded a contract by Richfield Oil to build a 10,000-gallon-per-day gasoline plant ...