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Digoxin, as a cardiac glycoside, has a chemical structure basically similar to that of estradiol. Digoxin has the ability to bind oestrogen receptors, and therefore it has been proposed that it might increase the risk of oestrogen-sensitive breast and uterine cancers. [62]
Enhancement of the rate of peripheral conversion of testosterone into estradiol, thus decreasing the ratio of circulating testosterone to estradiol. [ 75 ] Spironolactone has been found to act as a reversible inhibitor of human 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (17β-HSD2), albeit with weak potency (K i = 0.25–2.4 μM; IC 50 = 0.27–1.1 μM).
Estradiol is an estrogen, or an agonist of the nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs), the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and the estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). [1] [2] [6] In one study, the EC 50 Tooltip half-maximal effective concentration value of estradiol for the human ERα was 50 pM (0.05 nM) and for the human ERβ was 200 pM (0.2 nM).
An unusual side effect of digoxin is a disturbance of color vision (mostly yellow and green) called xanthopsia. Vincent van Gogh's "Yellow Period" may have somehow been influenced by concurrent digitalis therapy. Other oculotoxic effects of digoxin include generalized blurry vision, as well as seeing a "halo" around each point of light.
Estradiol (E2) is a medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone. [11] [12] [13] It is an estrogen and is used mainly in menopausal hormone therapy and to treat ...
Estradiol (E2), also called oestrogen, oestradiol, is an estrogen steroid hormone and the major female sex hormone. It is involved in the regulation of female ...
Estradiol levels on the first day after single dose of 0.25 mg buccal estradiol or at steady state after the last dose with 0.25 mg buccal estradiol twice daily once every 12 hours (0.5 mg/day total) in 6 postmenopausal women. [142] Estradiol has been studied for use by buccal administration.
Bile acids such as taurocholate as well as digoxin and prostaglandin E2 are substrates of this system, while estradiol 17β-D-glucuronide and p-aminohippurate are apparently not. [3] Mammalian homologues (e.g., 2.A.82.1.2) similarly exhibit broad substrate specificity, transporting the same compounds, possibly by an anion:anion exchange mechanism.