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  2. Jordan–Wigner transformation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan–Wigner_transformation

    In what follows we will show how to map a 1D spin chain of spin-1/2 particles to fermions. Take spin-1/2 Pauli operators acting on a site of a 1D chain, +,,.Taking the anticommutator of + and , we find {+,} =, as would be expected from fermionic creation and annihilation operators.

  3. List of model checking tools - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_checking_tools

    C++, Java: Windows, Linux, macOS Rumur: Plain Murφ Invariants, assertions Yes No No No Free C: macOS, Linux SPIN: Plain Promela: LTL: Yes Yes No Yes FUSC C, C++: Windows, Unix related TAPAAL: Real-time Timed-Arc Petri Nets, age invariants, inhibitor arcs, transport arcs TCTL subset No Yes Yes Yes Free C++, Java: macOS, Windows, Linux TAPAs ...

  4. Expected value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value

    In probability theory, the expected value (also called expectation, expectancy, expectation operator, mathematical expectation, mean, expectation value, or first moment) is a generalization of the weighted average.

  5. Ehrenfest theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrenfest_theorem

    The Ehrenfest theorem, named after Austrian theoretical physicist Paul Ehrenfest, relates the time derivative of the expectation values of the position and momentum operators x and p to the expectation value of the force = ′ on a massive particle moving in a scalar potential (), [1]

  6. Operators in C and C++ - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C++

    All the operators (except typeof) listed exist in C++; the column "Included in C", states whether an operator is also present in C. Note that C does not support operator overloading. When not overloaded, for the operators && , || , and , (the comma operator ), there is a sequence point after the evaluation of the first operand.

  7. Expectation value (quantum mechanics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectation_value_(quantum...

    In quantum mechanics, the expectation value is the probabilistic expected value of the result (measurement) of an experiment. It can be thought of as an average of all the possible outcomes of a measurement as weighted by their likelihood, and as such it is not the most probable value of a measurement; indeed the expectation value may have zero probability of occurring (e.g. measurements which ...

  8. Density matrix renormalization group - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_matrix...

    The first application of the DMRG, by Steven R. White and Reinhard Noack, was a toy model: to find the spectrum of a spin 0 particle in a 1D box. [when?] This model had been proposed by Kenneth G. Wilson as a test for any new renormalization group method, because they all happened to fail with this simple problem.

  9. Dirac operator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_operator

    This is a common generalization of the Dirac operator (k = 1) and the Dolbeault operator (n = 2, k arbitrary). It is an invariant differential operator, invariant under the action of the group SL(k) × Spin(n). The resolution of D is known only in some special cases.