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The Middle Passage was the stage of the Atlantic slave trade in which millions of enslaved Africans [2] were forcibly transported to the Americas as part of the triangular slave trade. Ships departed Europe for African markets with manufactured goods (first side of the triangle), which were then traded for slaves with rulers of African states ...
The highest rates of suicide amongst enslaved people brought to Thirteen Colonies and United States appeared to have occurred during and immediately after the Middle Passage. [6] The proximate psychological cause of these suicides was the "trauma of captivity" leading to either " anxiety and self-mutilation or depression and stupor."
About 10.5 million slaves arrived in the Americas. Besides the slaves who died on the Middle Passage, more Africans likely died during the slave raids and wars in Africa and forced marches to ports. Manning estimates that 4 million died inside Africa after capture, and many more died young.
The internal slave trade in the United States, also known as the domestic slave trade, the Second Middle Passage [1] and the interregional slave trade, [2] was the mercantile trade of enslaved people within the United States. It was most significant after 1808, when the importation of slaves from Africa was prohibited by federal law.
These ports traded slaves who were supplied from African communities, tribes and kingdoms, including the Alladah and Ouidah, which were later taken over by the Dahomey kingdom. [14] On the second leg, ships made the journey of the Middle Passage from Africa to the New World. Many slaves died of disease in the crowded holds of the slave ships.
In a subsequent voyage, Pinkney and his crew retraced the Middle Passage slave trade routes with the vessel Sortilege, according to his bio. Pinkney penned two children’s books: “Captain Bill ...
From the callous perspectives of enslavers and their investors, sheathing increased slavery profits by reducing deaths on the Middle Passage. By 1824, Gwennap Parish, in South Cornwall, produced ...
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