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In medicine, a contraindication is a condition (a situation or factor) that serves as a reason not to take a certain medical treatment due to the harm that it would cause the patient. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Contraindication is the opposite of indication , which is a reason to use a certain treatment.
Adverse effects, like therapeutic effects of drugs, are a function of dosage or drug levels at the target organs, so they may be avoided or decreased by means of careful and precise pharmacokinetics, the change of drug levels in the organism in function of time after administration. Adverse effects may also be caused by drug interaction. This ...
The field of pharmacotoxicology also involves the treatment and prevention of pharmaceutically induced side effects. Pharmacotoxicology can be separated into two different categories: pharmacodynamics (the effects of a drug on an organism), and pharmacokinetics (the effects of the organism on the drug).
Type A: augmented pharmacological effects, which are dose-dependent and predictable [5]; Type A reactions, which constitute approximately 80% of adverse drug reactions, are usually a consequence of the drug's primary pharmacological effect (e.g., bleeding when using the anticoagulant warfarin) or a low therapeutic index of the drug (e.g., nausea from digoxin), and they are therefore predictable.
A drug or procedure usually used for a specific effect may be used specifically because of a beneficial side-effect; this is termed "off-label use" until such use is approved. [1] For instance, X-rays have long been used as an imaging technique ; the discovery of their oncolytic capability led to their use in radiotherapy for ablation of ...
Type A reactions are dosage (concentration) dependent. Usually, this kind of side effect is an extension of an ongoing treatment. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are termed toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics in the field of ecotoxicology. Here, the focus is on toxic effects on a wide range of organisms.
The opposite of an indication is a contraindication, [4] a reason to withhold a certain medical treatment because the risks of treatment clearly outweigh the benefits. In the United States, indications for prescription drugs are approved by the FDA. Indications are included in the Indications and Usage section of the Prescribing Information.
Most of the other contraindications are avoiding cases where a potential side effect exacerbates a pre-existing condition: for example, because oclacitinib can cause lumps or tumors, it should not be used in dogs with cancer or a history of it; [15] because it is an immune system suppressant, it should not be used in dogs with serious ...