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In anatomy, a fistula (pl.: fistulas or fistulae /-l i,-l aɪ /; from Latin fistula, "tube, pipe") is an abnormal connection (i.e. tube) joining two hollow spaces (technically, two epithelialized surfaces), such as blood vessels, intestines, or other hollow organs to each other, often resulting in an abnormal flow of fluid from one space to the other.
Anal fistula is a chronic abnormal communication between the anal canal and the perianal skin. [1] An anal fistula can be described as a narrow tunnel with its internal opening in the anal canal and its external opening in the skin near the anus. [2] Anal fistulae commonly occur in people with a history of anal abscesses. They can form when ...
An enterocutaneous fistula (ECF) is an abnormal communication between the small or large bowel and the skin that allows the contents of the stomach or intestines to leak through an opening in the skin.
Obstetric fistula is a medical condition in which a hole develops in the birth canal as a result of childbirth. [1] [2] This can be between the vagina and rectum, ureter, or bladder. [1] [4] It can result in incontinence of urine or feces. [1] Complications may include depression, infertility, and social isolation. [1]
Rectovaginal fistulas are often the result of trauma during childbirth (in which case it is known as obstetric fistula), with increased risk associated with significant lacerations or interventions are used such as episiotomy or operative (forceps/vacuum extraction) deliveries [2] or in situations where there is inadequate health care, such as in some developing countries.
A tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF, or TOF; see spelling differences) is an abnormal connection between the esophagus and the trachea. TEF is a common congenital abnormality, but when occurring late in life is usually the sequela of surgical procedures such as a laryngectomy .
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A urogenital fistula is an abnormal tract that exists between the urinary tract and bladder, ureters, or urethra. A urogenital fistula can occur between any of the organs and structures of the pelvic region.