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Strange matter: A type of quark matter that may exist inside some neutron stars close to the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit (approximately 2–3 solar masses). May be stable at lower energy states once formed. Quark matter: Hypothetical phases of matter whose degrees of freedom include quarks and gluons Color-glass condensate
In regular cold matter, quarks, fundamental particles of nuclear matter, are confined by the strong force into hadrons that consist of 2–4 quarks, such as protons and neutrons. Quark matter or quantum chromodynamical (QCD) matter is a group of phases where the strong force is overcome and quarks are deconfined and free to move.
A GIMP (gravitationally interacting massive particle) is a particle which provides an alternative explanation of dark matter, instead of the aforementioned WIMP; A SIMP (strongly interacting massive particle) is a particle that interact strongly between themselves and weakly with ordinary matter and could form dark matter
A definition of "matter" based on its physical and chemical structure is: matter is made up of atoms. [17] Such atomic matter is also sometimes termed ordinary matter. As an example, deoxyribonucleic acid molecules (DNA) are matter under this definition because they are made of atoms.
Einstein subsequently identified matter as ultimately composed of various concentrations of energy. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] Subatomic constituents of the atom were first identified toward the end of the 19th century , beginning with the electron , followed by the proton in 1919, the photon in the 1920s, and the neutron in 1932. [ 1 ]
Contentions include the absence of an explanation in the Standard Model of particle physics for the observed amount of cold dark matter (CDM) and its contributions to dark energy, which are many orders of magnitude too large. It is also difficult to accommodate the observed predominance of matter over antimatter (matter/antimatter asymmetry).
Analyzing processes that change the numbers and types of particles requires quantum field theory. The study of subatomic particles per se is called particle physics . The term high-energy physics is nearly synonymous to "particle physics" since creation of particles requires high energies: it occurs only as a result of cosmic rays , or in ...
A Feynman diagram of the β − decay, showing a neutron (n, udd) converted into a proton (p, udu). "u" and "d" are the up and down quarks, "e −" is the electron, and "ν e" is the electron antineutrino. Ordinary matter is made from first-generation quarks (up, down) and leptons (electron, electron neutrino). [13]