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Gestational diabetes is a condition in which a woman without diabetes develops high blood sugar levels during pregnancy. [2] Gestational diabetes generally results in few symptoms; [2] however, obesity increases the rate of pre-eclampsia, cesarean sections, and embryo macrosomia, as well as gestational diabetes. [2]
Pre-gestational diabetes can be classified as Type 1 or Type 2 depending on the physiological mechanism. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disorder leading to destruction of insulin-producing cell in the pancreas; type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with obesity and results from a combination of insulin resistance and insufficient insulin production.
It is also inversely related to the gestational age at first exposure. The comorbidities associated with pregestational type 2 diabetes include advanced maternal age, lipid peroxidation and obesity. [5] Overweight women (BMI ≥ 25) who develop gestational diabetes have an intermediate risk for malformations. Pregnant women who have gestational ...
Pregnancy complications such a gestational diabetes, which Levine says are a “nuisance” for a 40-year-old, could be “catastrophic” for a 70-year-old, he says.
Obesity also increases the chances of developing gestational diabetes, high blood pressure, preeclampsia, experiencing postterm pregnancy and requiring a cesarean delivery. [61] Pre-existing disease in pregnancy, or an acquired disease: A disease and condition not necessarily directly caused by the pregnancy. Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy
A pregnant woman may have a pre-existing disease, which is not directly caused by the pregnancy, but may cause complications to develop that include a potential risk to the pregnancy; or a disease may develop during pregnancy. Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy deals with the interactions of diabetes mellitus (not restricted to gestational ...
Gestational diabetes resembles type 2 diabetes in several respects, involving a combination of relatively inadequate insulin secretion and responsiveness. It occurs in about 2–10% of all pregnancies and may improve or disappear after delivery. [68] It is recommended that all pregnant women get tested starting around 24–28 weeks gestation. [69]
Having multiple gestations, such as twins, increases MSAFP because each fetus secretes its own AFP Incorrect estimation of gestational age is the most common cause of abnormal MSAFP levels An example of an algorithm for indications for further testing depending on the outcome of non-genetic blood tests including the triple test.