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In standard music notation, the order in which sharps or flats appear in key signatures is uniform, following the circle of fifths: F ♯, C ♯, G ♯, D ♯, A ♯, E ♯, B ♯, and B ♭, E ♭, A ♭, D ♭, G ♭, C ♭, F ♭. Musicians can identify the key by the number of sharps or flats shown, since they always appear in the same order.
[11]: 74 The accidentals may be below the superscript and subscript number(s), before the superscript and subscript number(s), or using a slash (/) or plus sign (+) to indicate that the interval is raised (either ♮ in a flat key signature or a ♯ or in a sharp key signature. Secondary chords are indicated with a slash e.g. V/V.
List of musical scales and modes Name Image Sound Degrees Intervals Integer notation # of pitch classes Lower tetrachord Upper tetrachord Use of key signature usual or unusual ; 15 equal temperament
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The staff below has a key signature with three sharps (A major or its relative minor, F ♯ minor). The sharp symbol placed on the note indicates that it is an A ♯ instead of an A ♮ . In twelve-tone equal temperament tuning (the predominant system of tuning in Western music), raising a note's pitch by a semitone results in a note that is ...
The key signatures associated with those pitches change accordingly: the key of G has one sharp, the key of D has 2 sharps, and so on. Proceeding counterclockwise from the top of the circle, the notes change by descending fifths and the key signatures change accordingly: the key of F has one flat, the key of B ♭ has 2 flats
Philippe de Vitry's treatise Ars nova (1320) described a system in which the ratios of different note values could be 2:1 or 3:1, with a system of mensural time signatures to distinguish between them. This black mensural notation gave way to white mensural notation around 1450, in which all note values were written with white (outline) noteheads.