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  2. Circle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle

    Euclid's definition of a circle is: A circle is a plane figure bounded by one curved line, and such that all straight lines drawn from a certain point within it to the bounding line, are equal. The bounding line is called its circumference and the point, its centre. —

  3. Five-dimensional space - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-dimensional_space

    Therefore, the geometry of the 5th dimension studies the invariant properties of such space-time, as we move within it, expressed in formal equations. [11] Fifth dimensional geometry is generally represented using 5 coordinate values (x,y,z,w,v), where moving along the v axis involves moving between different hyper-volumes .

  4. Kaluza–Klein theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluza–Klein_theory

    In modern geometry, the extra fifth dimension can be understood to be the circle group U(1), as electromagnetism can essentially be formulated as a gauge theory on a fiber bundle, the circle bundle, with gauge group U(1). In Kaluza–Klein theory this group suggests that gauge symmetry is the symmetry of circular compact dimensions.

  5. Glossary of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical...

    A mathematical symbol is a figure or a combination of figures that is used to represent a mathematical object, an action on mathematical objects, a relation between mathematical objects, or for structuring the other symbols that occur in a formula.

  6. Spherical coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_coordinate_system

    For example, one sphere that is described in Cartesian coordinates with the equation x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = c 2 can be described in spherical coordinates by the simple equation r = c. (In this system— shown here in the mathematics convention —the sphere is adapted as a unit sphere , where the radius is set to unity and then can generally be ...

  7. List of formulae involving π - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_formulae_involving_π

    More formulas of this nature can be given, as explained by Ramanujan's theory of elliptic functions to alternative bases. Perhaps the most notable hypergeometric inversions are the following two examples, involving the Ramanujan tau function τ {\displaystyle \tau } and the Fourier coefficients j {\displaystyle \mathrm {j} } of the J-invariant ...

  8. Circular motion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_motion

    On the left is a unit circle showing the changes ^ and ^ in the unit vectors ^ and ^ for a small increment in angle . During circular motion, the body moves on a curve that can be described in the polar coordinate system as a fixed distance R from the center of the orbit taken as the origin, oriented at an angle θ ( t ) from some reference ...

  9. Bertrand's theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand's_theorem

    This is the general formula for a conic section that has one focus at the origin; e = 0 corresponds to a circle, 0 < e < 1 corresponds to an ellipse, e = 1 corresponds to a parabola, and e > 1 corresponds to a hyperbola. The eccentricity e is related to the total energy E (see Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector):