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Except for a fraction of the extra-heavy oil or bitumen which can be extracted by conventional oil well technology, oil sands must be produced by strip mining or the oil made to flow into wells using sophisticated in-situ techniques. These methods usually use more water and require larger amounts of energy than conventional oil extraction.
Tar sands: 110 CA$7.7 B Mining&Upgrading, first phase at 135 kbpd [56] [61] [62] Canada Christina Lake Ph 1B 9/2008 EnCana LAND Bitumen Tar Sands: 10 In-Situ, Approved [56] [63] Canada Christina Lake Ph 2 8/2008 MEG Energy (CNOOC interest) LAND Bitumen Tar Sands: 20 In-Situ, Approved [56] [64] Canada Jackfish Ph 1 3/2008 Devon Energy: LAND ...
For ex situ processing, oil shale is crushed into smaller pieces, increasing surface area for better extraction. The temperature at which decomposition of oil shale occurs depends on the time-scale of the process. In ex situ retorting processes, it begins at 300 °C (570 °F) and proceeds more rapidly and completely at higher temperatures. The ...
However, in-situ processes do involve possible significant environmental costs to aquifers, especially since in-situ methods may require ice-capping or some other form of barrier to restrict the flow of the newly gained oil into the groundwater aquifers. However, after the removal of the freeze wall these methods can still cause groundwater ...
Oil sands 30 In-Situ, Announced [30] Canada Borealis Ph 1 2015 EnCana LAND Bitumen Oil sands 35 In-Situ, Application [31] Canada Horizon Mine & Upgrader (Phase 4) 2015 CNRL: LAND Bitumen Oil sands 145 Mining&Upgrading, Announced [30] Canada Surmont Ph 2 2015 ConocoPhillips: Oil sands: Bitumen 130 [32] East Timor: Greater Sunrise 2015 Woodside ...
The European Union's recent estimates that Canada's oil sands produce 22% more greenhouse gases (GHGs) than conventional crude have sent both sides into a war of words. Current and future industry ...
Tar Sands: 2014 30 In situ, announced [31] Canada: Horizon Oil Sands Project Ph 2, 3 2013 CNR: LAND Bitumen Tar Sands: 0 Delayed, 118 kbd Mining & upgrading [32] [33] Canada: Christina Lake (Unnamed Expansion 3) 2013 EnCana LAND Bitumen Tar Sands: 30 In situ, announced [31] Canada: Sunrise Ph 1 1/2013 Husky Energy: Tar sands: Bitumen 1.0-2.2 0 ...
In situ refers to recovery techniques which apply heat or solvents to heavy crude oil or bitumen reservoirs beneath the Earth's crust. There are several varieties of in situ techniques, but the ones which work best in the oil sands use heat (steam).