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Irradiation is the process by which an object is exposed to radiation. An irradiator is a device used to expose an object to radiation, notably gamma radiation , for a variety of purposes. [ 1 ]
The Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, also known as NIAB, (Urdu: جوہری ادارہ برائے زراعت و حیاتیات) is a Pakistani agriculture and food irradiation national research institute managed by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. It is located in Faisalabad, Punjab.
Irradiation of a solution at pH 2.7 forms a mixture of the colloid and the soluble Tc(IV) compounds. [16] Gamma irradiation has been used in the synthesis of nanoparticles of gold on iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3). [17] It has been shown that the irradiation of aqueous solutions of lead compounds leads to the
[1] In many cases, the catalyst is a solid that upon irradiation with UV- or visible light generates electron–hole pairs that generate free radicals. Photocatalysts belong to three main groups; heterogeneous, homogeneous, and plasmonic antenna-reactor catalysts. [2]
In radiometry, irradiance is the radiant flux received by a surface per unit area. The SI unit of irradiance is the watt per square metre (symbol W⋅m −2 or W/m 2).The CGS unit erg per square centimetre per second (erg⋅cm −2 ⋅s −1) is often used in astronomy.
Different types of electromagnetic radiation. Non-ionizing (or non-ionising) radiation refers to any type of electromagnetic radiation that does not carry enough energy per quantum (photon energy) to ionize atoms or molecules—that is, to completely remove an electron from an atom or molecule. [1]
The distinction between "semi-anechoic" and "hemi-anechoic" is unclear. In some uses they are synonyms, or only one term is used. [7] Other uses distinguish one as having an ideally reflective floor (creating free-field conditions with a single reflective surface) and the other as simply having a flat untreated floor.
The Urdu Wikipedia (Urdu: اردو ویکیپیڈیا), started in January 2004, is the Standard Urdu-language edition of Wikipedia, a free, open-content encyclopedia. [1] [2] As of 19 January 2025, it has 216,693 articles, 189,456 registered users and 7,469 files, and it is the 54th largest edition of Wikipedia by article count, and ranks 20th in terms of depth among Wikipedias with over ...