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Alteration of hardened cement paste composition, with monosulfate aluminates phase converting to ettringite and, in later stages, gypsum formation. The necessary additional calcium is provided by the calcium hydroxide and calcium silicate hydrate in the cement paste; The effect of these changes is an overall loss of concrete strength.
Calcium hydroxide is modestly soluble in water, as seen for many dihydroxides. Its solubility increases from 0.66 g/L at 100 °C to 1.89 g/L at 0 °C. [8] Its solubility product K sp of 5.02 × 10 −6 at 25 °C, [1] its dissociation in water is large enough that its solutions are basic according to the following dissolution reaction:
When atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2), or carbonate ions (HCO − 3, CO 2− 3 dissolved in water) diffuse into concrete from its external surface, they react with calcium hydroxide (portlandite, Ca(OH) 2) and the pH of the concrete pore water progressively decreases from 13.5 – 12.5 to 8.5 (pH of water in equilibrium with calcite).
Other calcium aluminium silicate hydrate, (C-A-S-H) minerals: Hydrogarnet – Calcium aluminium garnet; Hydrotalcite – Hydrated Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) containing carbonate anions; Tacharanite – Calcium aluminium silicate hydrate mineral (Ca 12 Al 2 Si 18 O 33 (OH) 36, and also Ca 12 Al 2 Si 18 O 51 (OH) 2 · 18 H 2 O)
Strength forms by hydration to calcium aluminate hydrates. They are well-adapted for use in refractory (high-temperature resistant) concretes, e.g., for furnace linings. Calcium sulfoaluminate cements are made from clinkers that include ye'elimite (Ca 4 (AlO 2) 6 SO 4 or C 4 A 3 S in Cement chemist's notation) as a primary phase. They are used ...
Calcium silicates are produced by treating calcium oxide and silica in various ratios. Their formation is relevant to Portland cement. [5] Calcium silicate is a byproduct of the Pidgeon process, a major route to magnesium metal. The process converts a mixture of magnesium and calcium oxides as represented by the following simplified equation: [6]
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