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The Zener diode's operation depends on the heavy doping of its p–n junction. The depletion region formed in the diode is very thin (< 1 μm) and the electric field is consequently very high (about 500 kV/m) even for a small reverse bias voltage of about 5 V, allowing electrons to tunnel from the valence band of the p-type material to the ...
In electronics, the Zener effect (employed most notably in the appropriately named Zener diode) is a type of electrical breakdown, discovered by Clarence Melvin Zener. It occurs in a reverse biased p-n diode when the electric field enables tunneling of electrons from the valence to the conduction band of a semiconductor , leading to numerous ...
In the Zener diode, the concept of PIV is not applicable. A Zener diode contains a heavily doped p–n junction allowing electrons to tunnel from the valence band of the p-type material to the conduction band of the n-type material, such that the reverse voltage is "clamped" to a known value (called the Zener voltage), and avalanche does not ...
Motchenbacher & Fitchen (1973, pp. 291–292) describe a noise source using a Zener diode (also suitable for an avalanche diode). Some commercial microwave noise generators use avalanche diodes to create a large excess noise figure that can be turned off and on.
Upon reaching its threshold (point B), the output transistor begins to conduct (turn on), and the I CA begins rising at a rate of around 30 mA/V. [9] When V REF exceeds the threshold by around 3 mV, and I CA reaches 500–600 μA (point C), transconductance sharply jumps to 1.0–1.4 A/V. [9] Above this point the TL431 operates in its normal ...
Diode circuit implementing AND in active-high logic. Note: in analog implementation exact output currents will be different from +5V supply. This circuit mirrors the previous gate: the diodes are reversed so that each input connects to the cathode of a diode and all anodes are connected together to the output, which has a pull-up resistor.
Its conductivity lies between conductors and insulators. Semiconductor devices have replaced vacuum tubes in most applications. They conduct electric current in the solid state, rather than as free electrons across a vacuum (typically liberated by thermionic emission) or as free electrons and ions through an ionized gas.
The following application notes deals extensively with practical circuits and applications using SRDs. Pulse and Waveform Generation with Step Recovery Diodes (PDF), Application note AN 918, Palo Alto: Hewlett-Packard, October 1984. Available at Hewlett-Packard HPRFhelp