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Liquidated damages, also referred to as liquidated and ascertained damages (LADs), [1] are damages whose amount the parties designate during the formation of a contract [2] for the injured party to collect as compensation upon a specific breach (e.g., late performance). [3] This is most applicable where the damages are intangible.
The agreement then said if that did happen, New Garage would pay £5 per tyre 'by way of liquidated damages and not as a penalty'. The judge held the £5 sum was liquidated damages and enforceable. The Court of Appeal held by a majority that the clause was a penalty and Dunlop could only obtain nominal damages. Dunlop appealed.
Other than pecuniary damages, which is the most common type of damages recovered, there are a few other recognizable types of damages under English law, and still others that have their validity subject to ongoing debate: Injured feelings and disappointment; Injured reputation; Speculative damages; Liquidated damages and penalty; Quantum meruit [4]
Penal damages are liquidated damages which exceed reasonable compensatory damages, making them invalid under common law.While liquidated damage clauses set a pre-agreed value on the expected loss to one party if the other party were to breach the contract, penal damages go further and seek to penalise the breaching party beyond the reasonable losses from the breach. [1]
Incidental damages are the expenses reasonably incurred by a non-breaching party in order to avoid further consequential or direct damages that result from the breach of contract. For example, following the breach of a contract for employment, incidental damages could include the cost incurred by the former employee to find another job. [6]
A legal remedy, also referred to as judicial relief or a judicial remedy, is the means with which a court of law, usually in the exercise of civil law jurisdiction, enforces a right, imposes a penalty, or makes another court order to impose its will in order to compensate for the harm of a wrongful act inflicted upon an individual.
However, it is important to note that expectation damages are not punitive; its theoretical purpose is to place the injured, non-breaching party in the same position that they would have occupied had there been full performance of the contract. [10] In other words, it is the amount that makes the injured party indifferent to the breach. Examples:
The amount of statutory damages can be set on a per-incident basis, such as in the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, which gives statutory damages of up to $1,000 for a violation of its provisions. [2] Amounts could also be set per day, as in acts proscribing human-rights violations which might specify damages of $1,000 per day. [3]