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The pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome involves fluid accumulation in the lungs not explained by heart failure (noncardiogenic pulmonary edema). It is typically provoked by an acute injury to the lungs that results in flooding of the lungs' microscopic air sacs responsible for the exchange of gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide with capillaries in the lungs. [1]
Questions on the NCLEX exam are of three different types or levels: Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3. Level 1 questions are the most basic questions and make up less than 10 percent of the total questions. Level 1 questions test the individual's knowledge and understanding. These questions require the individual to recall specific facts and ...
Beta 2-adrenergic agonists, also known as adrenergic β 2 receptor agonists, are a class of drugs that act on the β 2 adrenergic receptor. Like other β adrenergic agonists , they cause smooth muscle relaxation. β 2 adrenergic agonists' effects on smooth muscle cause dilation of bronchial passages , vasodilation in muscle and liver ...
2 ratio indicates reduced arterial oxygenation from the available inhaled gas): mild ARDS: 201 – 300 mmHg (≤ 39.9 kPa) moderate ARDS: 101 – 200 mmHg (≤ 26.6 kPa) severe ARDS: ≤ 100 mmHg (≤ 13.3 kPa) The Berlin definition requires a minimum positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5 cm H 2 O for consideration of the Pa O 2 /Fi O 2 ...
After obtaining the patient's respiratory rate, the examiner looks for any signs of respiratory distress, which may include: Cyanosis, a bluish tinge of the extremities (peripheral cyanosis), or of tongue (central cyanosis) [4] Pursed-lip breathing [5] Accessory muscle use, including the scalene and intercostal muscles [5]
In pharmacokinetics, a loading dose is an initial higher dose of a drug that may be given at the beginning of a course of treatment before dropping down to a lower maintenance dose.