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Superscalar processors differ from multi-core processors in that the several execution units are not entire processors. A single processor is composed of finer-grained execution units such as the ALU, integer multiplier, integer shifter, FPU, etc. There may be multiple versions of each execution unit to enable the execution of many instructions ...
Superscalar out-of-order execution, branch prediction PowerPC e5500: 2010 4-issue 7 stage Out-of-order, multi-core PowerPC e6500: 2012 Multi-core PowerPC 603: 4 5 execution units, branch prediction, no SMP PowerPC 603q: 1996 5 In-order PowerPC 604: 1994 6 Superscalar, out-of-order execution, 6 execution units, SMP support PowerPC 620: 1997 5
Elkhart Lake: embedded processors targeted at IoT, released in Q1 2021. Gracemont Intel 7 process [19] Atom microarchitecture iteration after Tremont. First Atom class core with AVX and AVX2 support. Alder Lake: hybrid processor, succeeds Rocket Lake and Tiger Lake, released on November 4, 2021. Gracemont is used in E-cores of Alder Lake ...
For those processors that have only one pipeline per core, interleaved multithreading is the only possible way, because it can issue at most one instruction per cycle. Simultaneous multithreading (SMT): Issue multiple instructions from multiple threads in one cycle. The processor must be superscalar to do so.
NEC VR10000 die shot. The R10000 is a four-way superscalar design that implements register renaming and executes instructions out-of-order.Its design is a departure from previous MTI microprocessors such as the R4000, which is a much simpler scalar in-order design that relies largely on high clock rates for performance.
This is what superscalar processors achieve, by replicating functional units such as ALUs. The replication of functional units was only made possible when the die area of a single-issue processor no longer stretched the limits of what could be reliably manufactured. By the late 1980s, superscalar designs started to enter the market place.
The 604 is a superscalar processor capable of issuing four instructions simultaneously. The 604 has a six-stage pipeline and six execution units that can work in parallel, finishing up to six instructions every cycle.
With a superscalar processor, the instruction window of the processor fills up with a number of instructions (known as the issue rate). Depending on the scheme that the superscalar processor uses to dispatch these instruction from the window to the execution core of the CPU, there may be problems if there is a dependency not unlike the one ...