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Coal liquefactions originally was developed at the beginning of the 20th century. [2] The best-known CTL process is Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FT), named after the inventors Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch from the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in the 1920s. [3] The FT synthesis is the basis for indirect coal liquefaction (ICL) technology.
Halazone tablets were commonly used during World War II by U.S. soldiers for portable water purification, even being included in accessory packs for C-rations until 1945. [7] Halazone was widely used by Marine infantry units during the Vietnam War. Halazone has largely been replaced in that use by sodium dichloroisocyanurate.
Synthesis factories were principal targets of the Oil Campaign of World War II. The USA added tetra ethyl lead to its aviation fuel, with which it supplied Britain and other Allies. This octane enhancing additive allowed higher compression ratios, allowing higher efficiency, giving more speed and range to Allied Airplanes, and reducing the ...
After World War I several plants were built in Germany; these plants were extensively used during World War II to supply Germany with fuel and lubricants. [35] The Kohleoel Process, developed in Germany by Ruhrkohle and VEBA, was used in the demonstration plant with a capacity of 200 tons of lignite per day, built in Bottrop, Germany. This ...
Being petroleum-poor but coal-rich, Germany used the process during World War II to produce ersatz (replacement) fuels. FT production accounted for an estimated 9% of German war production of fuels and 25% of the automobile fuel. [21] Many refinements and adjustments have been made to the process since Fischer and Tropsch's time.
US Army World War II gas identification poster, c. 1941 –1945. Since World War I, mustard gas has been used in several wars and other conflicts, usually against people who cannot retaliate in kind: [31] United Kingdom against the Red Army in 1919 [32] Alleged British use in Mesopotamia in 1920 [33]
Towards the end of World War II the United States began heavily financing research into converting coal to gasoline, including money to build a series of pilot plants. The project was enormously helped by captured German technology. [8] One plant using the Bergius process was built in Louisiana, Missouri and began operation about 1946. Located ...
During World War II, Germany used the code names W Salt, SH Salt, K-method, the E-method, and the KA-method. These names represented the identities of the developers of the various chemical routes to RDX. The W-method was developed by Wolfram in 1934 and gave RDX the code name "W-Salz". It used sulfamic acid, formaldehyde, and nitric acid. [35]