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Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is a pathway that repairs double-strand breaks in DNA. It is called "non-homologous" because the break ends are directly ligated without the need for a homologous template, in contrast to homology directed repair (HDR), which requires a homologous sequence to guide repair.
At various steps of these recombination processes, heteroduplex DNA (double-stranded DNA consisting of single strands from each of the two homologous chromosomes which may or may not be perfectly complementary) is formed. During meiosis non-crossover recombinants occur frequently and these appear to arise mainly by the SDSA pathway.
A double-strand break repair model refers to the various models of pathways that cells undertake to repair double strand-breaks (DSB). DSB repair is an important cellular process, as the accumulation of unrepaired DSB could lead to chromosomal rearrangements, tumorigenesis or even cell death. [ 1 ]
Homology-directed repair (HDR) is a mechanism in cells to repair double-strand DNA lesions. [1] The most common form of HDR is homologous recombination . The HDR mechanism can only be used by the cell when there is a homologous piece of DNA present in the nucleus , mostly in G2 and S phase of the cell cycle .
ERCC1-XPF does not cut DNA that is exclusively single-stranded or double-stranded, but it cleaves the DNA phosphodiester backbone specifically at junctions between double-stranded and single-stranded DNA. It introduces a cut in double-stranded DNA on the 5′ side of such a junction, about two nucleotides away [14] (Figure 2). This structure ...
Double-stranded breaks (DSBs) in regions of DNA related to neuronal activity are produced by a variety of mechanisms within and around the genome. The enzyme topoisomerase II , or TOPIIβ plays a key role in DSB formation by aiding in the demethylation or loosening of histones wrapped around the double helix to promote transcription . [ 85 ]
DNA repair protein XRCC4 (hXRCC4) also known as X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the XRCC4 gene. XRCC4 is also expressed in many other animals, fungi and plants. [5] hXRCC4 is one of several core proteins involved in the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway to repair DNA double strand ...
Homologous recombination, an accurate process for repairing DNA double-strand breaks, is most active in S phase, declines in G2/M and is nearly absent in G1 phase. [13] In addition to these canonical checkpoints, recent evidence suggests that abnormalities in histone supply and nucleosome assembly can also alter S-phase progression. [14]