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The FIDO2 Project is a joint effort between the FIDO Alliance and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) whose goal is to create strong authentication for the web. At its core, FIDO2 consists of the W3C Web Authentication ( WebAuthn ) standard and the FIDO Client to Authenticator Protocol 2 (CTAP2). [ 6 ]
Universal 2nd Factor (U2F) is an open standard that strengthens and simplifies two-factor authentication (2FA) using specialized Universal Serial Bus (USB), near-field communication (NFC), or Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) devices based on similar security technology found in smart cards.
First YubiKey USB token of the FIDO standard in 2014. The YubiKey is a hardware authentication device manufactured by Yubico to protect access to computers, networks, and online services that supports one-time passwords (OTP), public-key cryptography, authentication, and the Universal 2nd Factor (U2F) and FIDO2 protocols [1] developed by the FIDO Alliance.
The authenticator is a FIDO2 authenticator, that is, it is assumed to be compatible with the WebAuthn Client; WebAuthn specifies how a claimant demonstrates possession and control of a FIDO2 authenticator to a verifier called the WebAuthn Relying Party.
An authenticator that implements CTAP2 is called a FIDO2 authenticator (also called a WebAuthn authenticator). If that authenticator implements CTAP1/U2F as well, it is backward compatible with U2F. The protocol uses the CBOR binary data serialization format. The standard was adopted as ITU-T Recommendation X.1278. [6] [1]
Increasingly, FIDO2 capable tokens, supported by the FIDO Alliance and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), have become popular with mainstream browser support beginning in 2015. A software token (a.k.a. soft token) is a type of two-factor authentication security device that may be used to authorize the use of computer services.
The development of open standards such as FIDO2 and WebAuthn have further generated adoption of passwordless technologies such as Windows Hello. On June 24, 2020, Apple Safari announced that Face ID or Touch ID would be available as a WebAuthn platform authenticator for passwordless login.
Depending on the features, the key costs $25-$35, [2] but Google has provided them for free to high-risk users. [3] It is considered a more secure form of multi-factor authentication to log in to first-party and third-party services and to enroll in Google's advanced protection program.