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The symptoms of an episode of diabetic ketoacidosis usually evolve over a period of about 24 hours. Predominant symptoms are nausea and vomiting, pronounced thirst, excessive urine production and abdominal pain that may be severe. [13] [14] In severe DKA, breathing becomes rapid and of a deep, gasping character, called "Kussmaul breathing".
The treatment and recovery phases of diabetic ketoacidosis Volume resuscitation with 0.9% normal saline provides a chloride load, so that infusing more than 3–4L can cause acidosis Hyperalimentation ( i.e. , total parenteral nutrition )
The symptoms of ketoacidosis are variable depending on the underlying cause. The most common symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and weakness. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Breath may also develop the smell of acetone as it is a volatile ketone that can be exhaled.
Ketoacidosis is most commonly caused by a deficiency of insulin in type 1 diabetes or late stage type 2 diabetes but can also be the result of chronic heavy alcohol use, salicylate poisoning, or isopropyl alcohol ingestion. [1] [2] Ketoacidosis causes significant metabolic derangements and is a life-threatening medical emergency. [2]
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is one of the life-threatening severe complications of diabetes that demands immediate attention and intervention. [7] It is considered a medical emergency and can affect both patients with T1D (type 1 diabetes) and T2D (type 2 diabetes), but it is more common in T1D. [8]
Once ketotic hypoglycemia has been diagnosed and other conditions excluded, long-term management aims to reduce the frequency and duration of episodes. [8] Extended fasts should be avoided. [2] [1] Children should be given a bedtime snack rich in carbohydrates and should be awakened and fed after the usual duration of sleep. If the child is ...
Onset is generally after a decreased ability to eat for a few days. [2] Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms. [2] Blood sugar levels are often normal or only mildly increased. [2] Other conditions that may present similarly include other causes of high anion gap metabolic acidosis including diabetic ketoacidosis. [2]
KPD is readily diagnosable because it presents a single characteristic, ketoacidosis, which confirms it as ketosis-prone diabetes. [2] KPD comes in four forms depending upon the presence or absence of β-cell autoantibodies (A+ or A−) and β-cell functional reserve (β+ or β−). [ 3 ]