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  2. Möbius strip - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Möbius_strip

    In mathematics, a Möbius strip, Möbius band, or Möbius loop [a] is a surface that can be formed by attaching the ends of a strip of paper together with a half-twist. As a mathematical object, it was discovered by Johann Benedict Listing and August Ferdinand Möbius in 1858, but it had already appeared in Roman mosaics from the third century CE .

  3. Klein bottle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein_bottle

    A two-dimensional representation of the Klein bottle immersed in three-dimensional space. In mathematics, the Klein bottle (/ ˈ k l aɪ n /) is an example of a non-orientable surface; that is, informally, a one-sided surface which, if traveled upon, could be followed back to the point of origin while flipping the traveler upside down.

  4. Fiber bundle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_bundle

    The Möbius strip is a nontrivial bundle over the circle. Perhaps the simplest example of a nontrivial bundle E {\displaystyle E} is the Möbius strip . It has the circle that runs lengthwise along the center of the strip as a base B {\displaystyle B} and a line segment for the fiber F {\displaystyle F} , so the Möbius strip is a bundle of the ...

  5. Orientability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientability

    A torus is an orientable surface The Möbius strip is a non-orientable surface. Note how the disk flips with every loop. The Roman surface is non-orientable.. In mathematics, orientability is a property of some topological spaces such as real vector spaces, Euclidean spaces, surfaces, and more generally manifolds that allows a consistent definition of "clockwise" and "anticlockwise". [1]

  6. Homology (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(mathematics)

    The homology of a topological space X is a set of topological invariants of X represented by its homology groups (), (), (), … where the homology group () describes, informally, the number of holes in X with a k-dimensional boundary.

  7. Configuration space (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configuration_space...

    The configuration space of all unordered pairs of points on the circle is the Möbius strip. In mathematics, a configuration space is a construction closely related to state spaces or phase spaces in physics. In physics, these are used to describe the state of a whole system as a single point in a high-dimensional space.

  8. Vector bundle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_bundle

    The Möbius strip can be constructed by a non-trivial gluing of two trivial bundles on open subsets U and V of the circle S 1. When glued trivially (with g UV =1) one obtains the trivial bundle, but with the non-trivial gluing of g UV =1 on one overlap and g UV =-1 on the second overlap, one obtains the non-trivial bundle E, the Möbius strip

  9. Real projective plane - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_projective_plane

    The topological real projective plane can be constructed by taking the (single) edge of a Möbius strip and gluing it to itself in the correct direction, or by gluing the edge to a disk. Alternately, the real projective plane can be constructed by identifying each pair of opposite sides of the square, but in opposite directions, as shown in the ...