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The brightness of the projected image (illuminance) relative to the brightness of the scene in the lens's field of view decreases with the square of the f-number. A 100 mm focal length f /4 lens has an entrance pupil diameter of 25 mm. A 100 mm focal length f /2 lens has an entrance pupil diameter of 50 mm.
The common 1" outside diameter circular video camera tubes have a rectangular photo sensitive area about 16 mm on the diagonal, so a digital sensor with a 16 mm diagonal size is a 1" video tube equivalent. The name of a 1" digital sensor should more accurately be read as "one inch video camera tube equivalent" sensor.
35 mm equivalent focal lengths are calculated by multiplying the actual focal length of the lens by the crop factor of the sensor. Typical crop factors are 1.26× – 1.29× for Canon (1.35× for Sigma "H") APS-H format, 1.5× for Nikon APS-C ("DX") format (also used by Sony, Pentax, Fuji, Samsung and others), 1.6× for Canon APS-C format, 2× for Micro Four Thirds format, 2.7× for 1-inch ...
The optical format is approximately the diagonal length of the sensor multiplied by 3/2. The result is expressed in inches and is usually (but not always) rounded to a convenient fraction. For instance, a 6.4x4.8 mm sensor has a diagonal of 8.0 mm and therefore an optical format of 8.0*3/2 = 12 mm, which is expressed as 1 ⁄ 2 inch in imperial ...
Guide numbers may be expressed in either of these units of measure: f‑number⋅meters or f‑number⋅feet. Throughout most of the world where the metric system ( SI ) is observed, guide numbers are expressed as a unitless numeric value like 34 , even though they are technically a composite unit of measure that is a two- factor product : f ...
For example, a 100 mm to 400 mm lens may have a maximum aperture of f/4.0 at the 100 mm end but will diminish to only f/5.6 at the 400 mm end of the zoom range. Zoom lenses with constant maximum apertures (such as f/2.8 for a 24–70mm lens) are usually reserved for lenses with higher build quality and are thus more expensive than those with ...
The yellow line shows an example where 18 mm focal length on the 3:2 APS-C image sensor format (1.5 crop factor) is equivalent to 27 mm as the 35 mm format-equivalent focal length (27 mm = 18 mm * 1.5) and yields a vertical angle of 48 degrees.
The crop factor is sometimes referred to as the focal length multiplier ("Film") since multiplying a lens focal length by the crop factor gives the focal length of a lens that would yield the same field of view if used on the reference format. For example, a lens with a 50 mm focal length on an imaging area with a crop factor of 1.6 with ...