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C mathematical operations are a group of functions in the standard library of the C programming language implementing basic mathematical functions. [1] [2] All functions use floating-point numbers in one manner or another. Different C standards provide different, albeit backwards-compatible, sets of functions.
Square number 16 as sum of gnomons. In mathematics, a square number or perfect square is an integer that is the square of an integer; [1] in other words, it is the product of some integer with itself. For example, 9 is a square number, since it equals 3 2 and can be written as 3 × 3.
Graph partition into subgraphs of specific types (triangles, isomorphic subgraphs, Hamiltonian subgraphs, forests, perfect matchings) are known NP-complete. Partition into cliques is the same problem as coloring the complement of the given graph. A related problem is to find a partition that is optimal terms of the number of edges between parts ...
Perfect numbers are natural numbers that equal the sum of their positive proper divisors, which are divisors excluding the number itself. So, 6 is a perfect number because the proper divisors of 6 are 1, 2, and 3, and 1 + 2 + 3 = 6. [2] [4] Euclid proved c. 300 BCE that every prime expressed as M p = 2 p − 1 has a corresponding perfect number ...
The Fisher–Kasteleyn–Temperley (FKT) algorithm, named after Michael Fisher, Pieter Kasteleyn, and Neville Temperley, counts the number of perfect matchings in a planar graph in polynomial time. This same task is #P-complete for general graphs. For matchings that are not required to be perfect, counting them remains #P-complete even for ...
In number theory, a perfect number is a positive integer that is equal to the sum of its positive proper divisors, that is, divisors excluding the number itself. For instance, 6 has proper divisors 1, 2 and 3, and 1 + 2 + 3 = 6, so 6 is a perfect number. The next perfect number is 28, since 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28.
A method analogous to piece-wise linear approximation but using only arithmetic instead of algebraic equations, uses the multiplication tables in reverse: the square root of a number between 1 and 100 is between 1 and 10, so if we know 25 is a perfect square (5 × 5), and 36 is a perfect square (6 × 6), then the square root of a number greater than or equal to 25 but less than 36, begins with ...
The graph of the 3-3 duoprism (the line graph of ,) is perfect.Here it is colored with three colors, with one of its 3-vertex maximum cliques highlighted. In graph theory, a perfect graph is a graph in which the chromatic number equals the size of the maximum clique, both in the graph itself and in every induced subgraph.