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Thucydides (/ θj uː ˈ s ɪ d ɪ ˌ d iː z / thew-SID-ih-deez; Ancient Greek: Θουκυδίδης, romanized: Thoukudídēs [tʰuːkydǐdɛːs]; c. 460 – c. 400 BC) was an Athenian historian and general.
Thucydides' political strength reached its peak in the wake of the First Peloponnesian War and the reorganization of the Athenian empire in the early 440s BC. Thucydides developed a new and effective political tactic by having his supporters sit together in the assembly, increasing their apparent strength and giving them a united voice. [3]
Thucydides' History has been enormously influential in both ancient and modern historiography. It was embraced by many of the author's contemporaries and immediate successors with enthusiasm; indeed, many authors sought to complete the unfinished history.
Several funeral orations from classical Athens are extant, which seem to corroborate Thucydides's assertion that this was a regular feature of Athenian funerary custom in wartime. [a] The Funeral Oration was recorded by Thucydides in book two of his famous History of the Peloponnesian War.
An Athenian who fought in the early part of the war, Thucydides was exiled in 423 BC and settled in the Peloponnese, where he spent the rest of the war collecting sources and writing his history. Scholars regard Thucydides as reliable and neutral between the two sides. [5]
The Athenians executed the men of fighting age [24] and sold the women and children into slavery. They then settled 500 of their own colonists on the island. [25]In 405 BC, by which time Athens was losing the war, the Spartan general Lysander expelled the Athenian colonists from Melos and restored the survivors of the siege to the island.
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Thucydides says that it took 15 years for the Athenian population to recover. The plague also contributed to Athens' overall loss of power and need to expand. [3] Thucydides says that the balance of power between citizens had changed due to many of the rich dying and their fortunes being inherited by remaining relatives of the lower classes.