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In computing, a shell is a computer program that exposes an operating system's services to a human user or other programs. In general, operating system shells use either a command-line interface (CLI) or graphical user interface (GUI), depending on a computer's role and particular operation. It is named a shell because it is the outermost layer ...
On operating systems with a windowing system, such as macOS and desktop Linux distributions, some users may never use the shell directly. On Unix systems, the shell has historically been the implementation language of system startup scripts, including the program that starts a windowing system, configures networking, and many other essential ...
Terminal program for Windows, Linux, OpenBSD, NetBSD, Mac OS X, and FreeBSD Telix: Character: Serial port: MS-DOS: Terminal emulator for MS-DOS (discontinued since 1997) Tera Term: Character: Serial port, Telnet, xmodem and SSH 1 & 2 Windows: Tera Term is an open-source, free, software terminal emulator for Windows Terminal: Character: Local macOS
September 2002 (): In Debian, version 0.4.1 of ash was renamed to dash. 2003 () Bash became the default shell on Apple's operating systems (i.e., MacOS) starting with OS X 10.3 Panther. [46] [47] It was available on OS X 10.2 Jaguar as well where the default shell was tcsh. A POSIX-2003 Shell and Utilities standard is published by the IEEE.
The operating system provides an interface between an application program and the computer hardware, so that an application program can interact with the hardware only by obeying rules and procedures programmed into the operating system. The operating system is also a set of services which simplify development and execution of application programs.
Some operating systems define an execute permission which can be granted to users/groups for a file when the file system itself supports it. On Unix systems, the execute permission controls access to invoking the file as a program, and applies both to executables and scripts.
Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name "GNU/Linux" to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy. [72]
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 26 January 2025. Family of Unix-like operating systems This article is about the family of operating systems. For the kernel, see Linux kernel. For other uses, see Linux (disambiguation). Operating system Linux Tux the penguin, the mascot of Linux Developer Community contributors, Linus Torvalds Written ...