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These environmental influences are referred to as triggers and can involve anything that influences normal gene expression. How the genome is expressed depends on the environmental factors present during gestation. It is possible for the environmental effects of epigenetics to be deleterious or to be a natural part of the development pathway. [4]
Another type of gene-environment interplay is epigenetics, which is the study of how environmental factors can affect gene expression without altering DNA sequences. [2] To study the effect of the environment on the expression of the human genome, family-based behavioral genetic research methods such as twin, family and adoption studies are ...
Gene–environment interaction (or genotype–environment interaction or G×E) is when two different genotypes respond to environmental variation in different ways. A norm of reaction is a graph that shows the relationship between genes and environmental factors when phenotypic differences are continuous. [ 1 ]
An inducible gene is a gene whose expression is either responsive to environmental change or dependent on the position in the cell cycle. Any step of gene expression may be modulated, from the DNA-RNA transcription step to post-translational modification of a protein.
Epigenetic mechanisms. In biology, epigenetics is the study of heritable traits, or a stable change of cell function, that happen without changes to the DNA sequence. [1] The Greek prefix epi-(ἐπι-"over, outside of, around") in epigenetics implies features that are "on top of" or "in addition to" the traditional (DNA sequence based) genetic mechanism of inheritance. [2]
Regulation of gene expression, or gene regulation, [1] includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA). Sophisticated programs of gene expression are widely observed in biology, for example to trigger developmental pathways, respond to environmental ...
Due to environmental conditions such as climate, diet, oxygen levels, light cycles, and mutagens or chemicals which are strongly related to disease susceptibility, genes expression can vary. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The timing and duration of exposure to such elements is a critical factor as well as it can significantly impact the phenotypic response of an ...
This variation in expression can be affected by modifier genes, epigenetic factors or the environment. [3] Modifier genes can alter the expression of other genes in either an additive or multiplicative way. [3] Meaning the phenotype that is observed can be a result of two different alleles (gene variants) being