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Young plants and seeds are poisonous, causing nausea, muscle twitches, paralysis, and often death. [citation needed] Dicentra cucullaria: bleeding heart, Dutchman's breeches Papaveraceae: All parts of the plant contain neurotoxic alkaloids such as isoquinoline and cucullarine, which are known to be poisonous to cats, cattle, and humans. [107]
The flowers are green to white, followed by berries which ripen through red to purple to almost black which are a food source for songbirds such as gray catbird, northern mockingbird, northern cardinal, and brown thrasher, as well as other birds and some small non-avian animals (i.e., for species that are unaffected by its mammalian toxins).
These butterflies also obtain alkaloids from sap emerging from withering stems and terminal branches. [10] Among pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants, Crotalaria species cause the greatest range of tissue damage to most domesticated species, causing lung lesions in cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and pigs, and liver damage in most livestock. [1]
The plant’s flowers are attractive for butterflies, bees and other insects, which pollinate them when gathering pollen and nectar. Seeds are edible for birds, who also like to make their nests in the branches of these trees. Woodpeckers in particular often use withered segments for this purpose.
The plant, especially the bulb and flowers, contains cardiac glycosides, specifically convallatoxin and convalloside which are toxic to humans and livestock. [ 2 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Symptoms of poisoning include nausea, salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, and shortness of breath, as well as pain, burning, and swelling of lips, tongue, and throat.
May slow clotting; contraindicated for people with bleeding disorders and before and after surgery. May induce uterine contractions; contraindicated when pregnant or nursing. [21] Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (contained in comfrey, borage, senecio, coltsfoot, and others) Liver damage [5] Reserpine: Rauvolfia serpentina