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A myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is one of a group of cancers in which blood cells in the bone marrow do not mature, and as a result, do not develop into healthy blood cells. [3] Early on, no symptoms typically are seen. [3] Later, symptoms may include fatigue, shortness of breath, bleeding disorders, anemia, or frequent infections. [3]
Genetic syndromes: Rarely, sideroblastic anemia may be part of a congenital syndrome and present with associated findings, such as ataxia, myopathy, and pancreatic insufficiency. Acquired clonal sideroblastic anemia. Clonal sideroblastic anemias fall under the broader category of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).
Various diseases can lead to transfusion-dependent anemia, most notably myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and thalassemia. [4] [5] Due to the number of diseases that can cause transfusion-dependent anemia, diagnosing it is more complicated. Transfusion dependence occurs when an average of more than 2 units of blood transfused every 28 days is ...
Reticulocytes often contain Pappenheimer bodies. They are mostly observed in diseases such as myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), sideroblastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, lead poisoning and sickle cell disease. They can interfere with platelet counts when the analysis is performed by electro-optical counters. [2]
Refractory anemia, an anemia which does not respond to treatment, [88] is often seen secondary to myelodysplastic syndromes. [89] Iron-deficiency anemia may also be refractory as a manifestation of gastrointestinal problems which disrupt iron absorption or cause occult bleeding .
Bone marrow failure in both children and adults can be either inherited or acquired. Inherited bone marrow failure is often the cause in young children, while older children and adults may acquire the disease later in life. [3] Acquired bone marrow failure may be due to aplastic anemia [4] or myelodysplastic syndrome.
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