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  2. Venn diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venn_diagram

    A Venn diagram is a widely used diagram style that shows the logical relation between sets, popularized by John Venn (1834–1923) in the 1880s. The diagrams are used to teach elementary set theory, and to illustrate simple set relationships in probability, logic, statistics, linguistics and computer science.

  3. Information diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_diagram

    Venn diagram of information theoretic measures for three variables x, y, and z. Each circle represents an individual entropy : ⁠ H ( x ) {\displaystyle H(x)} ⁠ is the lower left circle, ⁠ H ( y ) {\displaystyle H(y)} ⁠ the lower right, and ⁠ H ( z ) {\displaystyle H(z)} ⁠ is the upper circle.

  4. Inclusion–exclusion principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion–exclusion...

    Venn diagram showing the union of sets A and B as everything not in white. In combinatorics, the inclusion–exclusion principle is a counting technique which generalizes the familiar method of obtaining the number of elements in the union of two finite sets; symbolically expressed as

  5. Naive set theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naive_set_theory

    Naive set theory is any of several theories of sets used in the discussion of the foundations of mathematics. [3] Unlike axiomatic set theories, which are defined using formal logic, naive set theory is defined informally, in natural language.

  6. De Morgan's laws - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Morgan's_laws

    De Morgan's laws represented with Venn diagrams.In each case, the resultant set is the set of all points in any shade of blue. In propositional logic and Boolean algebra, De Morgan's laws, [1] [2] [3] also known as De Morgan's theorem, [4] are a pair of transformation rules that are both valid rules of inference.

  7. Euler diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_diagram

    Venn diagrams are a more restrictive form of Euler diagrams. A Venn diagram must contain all 2 n logically possible zones of overlap between its n curves, representing all combinations of inclusion/exclusion of its constituent sets. Regions not part of the set are indicated by coloring them black, in contrast to Euler diagrams, where membership ...

  8. Set (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)

    A set of polygons in an Euler diagram This set equals the one depicted above since both have the very same elements.. In mathematics, a set is a collection of different [1] things; [2] [3] [4] these things are called elements or members of the set and are typically mathematical objects of any kind: numbers, symbols, points in space, lines, other geometrical shapes, variables, or even other ...

  9. Mathematical diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_diagram

    A Venn diagram is a representation of mathematical sets: a mathematical diagram representing sets as circles, with their relationships to each other expressed through their overlapping positions, so that all possible relationships between the sets are shown.