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Asian optic-spinal MS - this variant can present brain lesions like MS. [18] Longitudinally extensive myelitis or optic neuritis associated with systemic autoimmune disease. Optic neuritis or myelitis associated with lesions in specific brain areas such as the hypothalamus, periventricular nucleus, and brainstem. [19]
Normally a tumefactive demyelinating lesion appears together with smaller disseminated lesions. Hence the name "tumefactive multiple sclerosis". When the demyelinating lesion appears alone it has been termed "solitary sclerosis" [citation needed] This variant was first proposed (2012) by Mayo Clinic researches.
Large proteins passing into the brain can put neurological tissue at risk of toxic effects. The blood-brain barrier junctions are typically found to have WE lesions located at that region of the brain. [53] An altered blood–brain barrier may cause a perturbed response to certain drugs and foods. [56]
Lesions in the brain stem or upper cervical spinal cord can cause respiratory insufficiency. Lesions in the area postrema of the medulla oblongata can cause vomiting or hiccups, as well as pain and tonic spasms. [1] [4] Additional brain lesions are common but often asymptomatic (though cognitive deficits, as well as depression, may be ...
The causes of frontal lobe disorders can be closed head injury. An example of this can be from an accident, which can cause damage to the orbitofrontal cortex area of the brain. [2] Cerebrovascular disease may cause a stroke in the frontal lobe. Tumours such as meningiomas may present with a frontal lobe syndrome. [11]
Myelitis lesions usually occur in a narrow region but can be spread and affect many areas. Acute flaccid myelitis: a polio-like syndrome that causes muscle weakness and paralysis. Poliomyelitis: [1] disease caused by viral infection in the gray matter with symptoms of muscle paralysis or weakness
Of those who have residual symptoms after PRES, this is attributable largely to hemorrhage. [1] [4] Non-resolution of MRI abnormalities has been linked with poorer outcomes. [4] The presence of brain hemorrhage and cytotoxic edema (brain edema with concomittant brain tissue damage) is also associated with a poor prognosis. [2]
ADEM produces multiple inflammatory lesions in the brain and spinal cord, particularly in the white matter. Usually these are found in the subcortical and central white matter and cortical gray-white junction of both cerebral hemispheres , cerebellum , brainstem , and spinal cord, [ 16 ] but periventricular white matter and gray matter of the ...