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Maxwell's first paper (Part 1 & 2) – Compiled by Blaze Labs Research (PDF). On Physical Lines of Force – 1861. Maxwell's 1861 paper describing magnetic lines of force – Predecessor to 1873 Treatise.
In physics, there are equations in every field to relate physical quantities to each other and perform calculations. Entire handbooks of equations can only summarize most of the full subject, else are highly specialized within a certain field. Physics is derived of formulae only.
1.2 Physics. 1.3 Chemistry. 1.4 Biology. ... List of equations in nuclear and particle physics; See also. Variables commonly used in physics; Equation solving;
"On Physical Lines of Force" is a four-part paper written by James Clerk Maxwell, published in 1861. [1] In it, Maxwell derived the equations of electromagnetism in conjunction with a "sea" of "molecular vortices" which he used to model Faraday's lines of force.
In particle physics, the Dirac equation is a relativistic wave equation derived by British physicist Paul Dirac in 1928. In its free form, or including electromagnetic interactions, it describes all spin-1/2 massive particles, called "Dirac particles", such as electrons and quarks for which parity is a symmetry.
The equation was postulated by Schrödinger based on a postulate of Louis de Broglie that all matter has an associated matter wave. The equation predicted bound states of the atom in agreement with experimental observations. [4]: II:268 The Schrödinger equation is not the only way to study quantum mechanical systems and make predictions.
where = is the reduced Planck constant.. The quintessentially quantum mechanical uncertainty principle comes in many forms other than position–momentum. The energy–time relationship is widely used to relate quantum state lifetime to measured energy widths but its formal derivation is fraught with confusing issues about the nature of time.
For the leptons, the gauge group can be written SU(2) l × U(1) L × U(1) R. The two U(1) factors can be combined into U(1) Y × U(1) l, where l is the lepton number. Gauging of the lepton number is ruled out by experiment, leaving only the possible gauge group SU(2) L × U(1) Y. A similar argument in the quark sector also gives the same result ...