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The term "pseudohallucination" appears to have been coined by German psychiatrist Friedrich Wilhelm Hagen. [2] Hagen published his 1868 book Zur Theorie der Halluzination, to define them as "illusions or sensory errors". [2] The term was further explored by the Russian psychiatrist Victor Kandinsky (1849–1889). [2]
Kandinsky described a state involving auditory hallucinations that were perceived to be "made by someone else," which he termed pseudohallucinations. Over time, Kandinsky found the term "pseudohallucinations" confusing and preferred terms such as "hallucinoid," "presentation," "illumination", and "illustration."
Hagen was born on 16 June 1814 in Dottenheim. His father, also named Friedrich Wilhelm Hagen (1767–1837), was a noted clergyman. [1] He studied medicine at the universities Munich and Erlangen, receiving his doctorate in 1836. [1]
Hallucination is defined as visual perception without external stimulation. It must be distinguished whether the individual is able to recognize that the perception is not real, also called pseudo-hallucination, or that the individual endorses it as real, also called delusion. It is only delusion that has serious psychiatric implications.
Edward Harold Hagen (born June 1, 1962) [1] is an American biological anthropologist and professor in the Department of Anthropology at Washington State University Vancouver, where he has taught since 2007. His research has focused on evolutionary explanations for mental health phenomena and substance use.
The syndrome is commonly accompanied by frequent hallucinations, pseudohallucinations, and visual illusions. [5] Individuals with oneiroid syndrome typically recognise the perceived phenomena as belonging to alternate realms or dimensions inaccessible to ordinary people, rather than to the tangible, external world. [5]
Heautoscopy is a term used in psychiatry and neurology for the reduplicative hallucination of "seeing one's own body at a distance". [6] It can occur as a symptom in schizophrenia [7] and epilepsy. Heautoscopy is considered a possible explanation for doppelgänger phenomena. [8]
The primary immediate psychological effects of LSD are visual pseudo-hallucinations and altered thought, often referred to as "trips". These sensory alterations are considered pseudohallucinations because the subject does not perceive the patterns seen as being located in three-dimensional space outside the body. [ 44 ]