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The notion of doubling time dates to interest on loans in Babylonian mathematics. Clay tablets from circa 2000 BCE include the exercise "Given an interest rate of 1/60 per month (no compounding), come the doubling time." This yields an annual interest rate of 12/60 = 20%, and hence a doubling time of 100% growth/20% growth per year = 5 years.
In population genetics, the Watterson estimator is a method for describing the genetic diversity in a population. It was developed by Margaret Wu and G. A. Watterson in the 1970s. [1][2] It is estimated by counting the number of polymorphic sites. It is a measure of the "population mutation rate" (the product of the effective population size ...
The algebraic symbols b, d and r stand for the rates of birth, death, and the rate of change per individual in the general population, the intrinsic rate of increase. This formula can be read as the rate of change in the population (dN/dt) is equal to births minus deaths (B − D). [2] [13] [17]
For example, if the interest rate is 18%, the rule of 69.3 gives t = 3.85 years, which the E-M rule multiplies by (i.e. 200/ (200−18)) to give a doubling time of 4.23 years. As the actual doubling time at this rate is 4.19 years, the E-M rule thus gives a closer approximation than the rule of 72.
Golden Rule savings rate. In economics, the Golden Rule savings rate is the rate of savings which maximizes steady state level of the growth of consumption, [1] as for example in the Solow–Swan model. Although the concept can be found earlier in the work of John von Neumann and Maurice Allais, the term is generally attributed to Edmund Phelps ...
The effective population size (Ne) is the size of an idealised population that would experience the same rate of genetic drift or increase in inbreeding as the real population. Idealised populations are based on unrealistic but convenient assumptions including random mating, simultaneous birth of each new generation, and constant population ...
The neutral rate of interest, previously called the natural rate of interest, [1] is the real (net of inflation) interest rate that supports the economy at full employment /maximum output while keeping inflation constant. [2] It cannot be observed directly. Rather, policy makers and economic researchers aim to estimate the neutral rate of ...
Exponential growth is a process that increases quantity over time at an ever-increasing rate. It occurs when the instantaneous rate of change (that is, the derivative) of a quantity with respect to time is proportional to the quantity itself. Described as a function, a quantity undergoing exponential growth is an exponential function of time ...