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Foreign language anxiety. Foreign language anxiety, also known as xenoglossophobia, is the feeling of unease, worry, nervousness and apprehension experienced in learning or using a second or foreign language. The feelings may stem from any second language context whether it is associated with the productive skills of speaking and writing or the ...
Input hypothesis. The input hypothesis, also known as the monitor model, is a group of five hypotheses of second-language acquisition developed by the linguist Stephen Krashen in the 1970s and 1980s. Krashen originally formulated the input hypothesis as just one of the five hypotheses, but over time the term has come to refer to the five ...
Cognitive effects of bilingualism. Bilingualism, a subset of multilingualism, [ 1][ 2] means having proficiency in two languages. [ 3] A bilingual individual is traditionally defined as someone who understands and produces two languages on a regular basis. [ 4] A bilingual individual's initial exposure to both languages may start in early ...
Merrill Swain is a Canadian applied linguist whose research has focused on second language acquisition (SLA). [1] Some of her most notable contributions to SLA research include the Output Hypothesis and her research related to immersion education. [2] Swain is a Professor Emerita at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE) at the ...
Motivation in second-language learning. The desire to learn is often related to the concept of ‘motivation’. Motivation is the most used concept for explaining the failure or success of a language learner. [1] Second language (L2) refers to a language an individual learns that is not his/her mother tongue, but is of use in the area of the ...
Theories of second-language acquisition. The main purpose of theories of second-language acquisition (SLA) is to shed light on how people who already know one language learn a second language. The field of second-language acquisition involves various contributions, such as linguistics, sociolinguistics, psychology, cognitive science ...
v. t. e. Second-language acquisition (SLA), sometimes called second-language learning —otherwise referred to as L2 (language 2) acquisition, is the process by which people learn a second language. Second-language acquisition is also the scientific discipline devoted to studying that process.
There is no guarantee that students will be motivated to learn a second language, and often the opposite is true. [11] Teachers need to generate enthusiasm and share the benefits of learning a second language to promote positive student attitudes. [11] They need to create a safe and accepting space for students to learn. [10]