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The magic SysRq key is a key combination understood by the Linux kernel, which allows the user to perform various low-level commands regardless of the system's state. It is often used to recover from freezes , or to reboot a computer without corrupting the filesystem . [ 1 ]
After restarting, it shows a message for a few seconds informing the user that a problem caused the computer to restart, before continuing to boot. The message now includes a Chinese translation. If five new kernel panics occur within three minutes of the first one, the Mac will display a prohibitory sign for thirty seconds, and then shut down ...
It formats and prints the contents of the last login log file, /var/log/lastlog (which is a usually a very sparse file), including the login name, port, and last login date and time. It is similar in functionality to the BSD program last , also included in Linux distributions; however, last parses a different binary database file ( /var/log ...
A runlevel defines the state of the machine after boot. Different runlevels are typically assigned (not necessarily in any particular order) to the single-user mode, multi-user mode without network services started, multi-user mode with network services started, system shutdown, and system reboot system states.
This is a list of POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface) commands as specified by IEEE Std 1003.1-2024, which is part of the Single UNIX Specification (SUS). These commands can be found on Unix operating systems and most Unix-like operating systems.
systemd is the first daemon to start during booting and the last daemon to terminate during shutdown. The systemd daemon serves as the root of the user space's process tree ; the first process ( PID 1) has a special role on Unix systems, as it replaces the parent of a process when the original parent terminates.
getopt — Parse command line options and parameters. grep — Show lines matching regular expressions. groups — Print the groups a user is in. gunzip — Decompress gz files. halt — Restart, halt or powerdown the system. head — Copy first lines from files to stdout. help — Show usage information for toybox commands. hexedit ...
This disallows a root user to load arbitrary code via kexec and execute it, complementing the UEFI secure boot and in-kernel security mechanisms for ensuring that only signed Linux kernel modules can be inserted into the running kernel. [4] [5] [6] Kexec is used by LinuxBoot to boot the main kernel from the Linux kernel located in the firmware.