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The name "Outer Mongolia" is contrasted with Inner Mongolia, [1] which corresponds to the region of Inner Mongolia in China. Inner Mongolia was given its name because it was more directly administered by the Qing court; Outer Mongolia (which is further from the capital Beijing) had a greater degree of autonomy within the Qing empire.
However, the Khalkha Mongols in Outer Mongolia continued to rule until they were overrun by the Dzungar Khanate in 1690, and they submitted to the Qing dynasty in 1691. The Qing dynasty ruled Inner and Outer Mongolia for over 200 years. During this period, Qing rulers established separate administrative structures to govern each region.
However, Outer Mongolia remained effectively outside the control of the Chinese, who on the other hand controlled Barga, Dzungaria, Tuva, Upper Mongolia, and Inner Mongolia in 1915. On 2 February 1913, Mongolia and Tibet signed a treaty of friendship and alliance .
The Mongolian People's Republic [e] (MPR) was a socialist state that existed from 1924 to 1992, located in the historical region of Outer Mongolia.Its independence was officially recognized by the Nationalist government of China in 1946.
[13] [full citation needed] [14] With Ligden's defeat and death his son Ejei Khan had to submit to the Manchus, and most of what is now Inner Mongolia was incorporated to the Qing. The three khans of Khalkha in Outer Mongolia had established close ties with the Qing dynasty since the reign of Hong Taiji, but had remained effectively self-governing.
The Mongolian Revolution of 1911 [a] occurred when the region of Outer Mongolia declared its independence from the Manchu-led Qing China during the Xinhai Revolution. [1] A combination of factors, including economic hardship and failure to resist Western imperialism, led many in China to be unhappy with the Qing government.
The occupation of Outer Mongolia by the Beiyang government of the Republic of China after the revocation of Outer Mongolian autonomy (Chinese: 外蒙古撤治) began in October 1919 and lasted until 18 March 1921, when Chinese troops in Urga were routed by Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg's White Russian (Buryats, [2] Russians etc.) and Mongolian forces. [3]
The Bogd Khanate of Mongolia [a] was a de facto country in Outer Mongolia between 1911 and 1915 and again from 1921 to 1924. By the spring of 1911, some prominent Mongol nobles including Prince Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren persuaded the Jebstundamba Khutukhtu to convene a meeting of nobles and ecclesiastical officials to discuss independence from Qing China.