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Interneurons (also called internuncial neurons, association neurons, connector neurons, or intermediate neurons) are neurons that are not specifically motor neurons or sensory neurons. Interneurons are the central nodes of neural circuits , enabling communication between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system (CNS). [ 2 ]
A multipolar neuron is a type of neuron that possesses a single axon and many dendrites (and dendritic branches), allowing for the integration of a great deal of information from other neurons.
The singular example of a monosynaptic reflex is the patellar reflex. The next simplest reflex arc is a three-element chain, beginning with sensory neurons, which activate interneurons inside of the spinal cord, which then activate motor neurons. Some reflex responses, such as withdrawing the hand after touching a hot surface, are protective ...
Some examples are: [citation needed] Basket cells, interneurons that form a dense plexus of terminals around the soma of target cells, found in the cortex and cerebellum; Betz cells, large motor neurons in primary motor cortex; Lugaro cells, interneurons of the cerebellum; Medium spiny neurons, most neurons in the corpus striatum
The theory offered a physiological explanation for the previously observed effect of psychology on pain perception. [ 10 ] In 1968, three years after the introduction of the gate control theory, Ronald Melzack concluded that pain is a multidimensional complex with numerous sensory, affective, cognitive, and evaluative components.
Central pattern generators (CPGs) are self-organizing biological neural circuits [1] [2] that produce rhythmic outputs in the absence of rhythmic input. [3] [4] [5] They are the source of the tightly-coupled patterns of neural activity that drive rhythmic and stereotyped motor behaviors like walking, swimming, breathing, or chewing.
Cortical interneurons vary in shape, molecular make-up, and electrophysiology; they function collectively to maintain the balance between excitation and inhibition in the cortex primarily through the use of GABA. Disruption of this balance is a common feature of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia.
Renshaw cells are inhibitory interneurons found in the gray matter of the spinal cord, and are associated in two ways with an alpha motor neuron.. They receive an excitatory collateral from the alpha neuron's axon as they emerge from the motor root, and are thus "kept informed" of how vigorously that neuron is firing.