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Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions. Soft water also extends the lifetime of plumbing by reducing or eliminating scale build-up in pipes
Pressure sand bed filters tend to be used in industrial applications and often referred to as rapid sand bed filters. Gravity fed units are used in water purification especially drinking water and these filters have found wide use in developing countries (slow sand filters). Overall, there are several categories of sand bed filter:
Zeolites are used in laundry detergent as water softeners, removing Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions which would otherwise precipitate from the solution. The ions are retained by the zeolites which releases Na + ions into the solution, allowing the laundry detergent to be effective in areas with hard water.
Some water treatment plants employ pressure filters. These work on the same principle as rapid gravity filters, differing in that the filter medium is enclosed in a steel vessel and the water is forced through it under pressure. Advantages: Filters out much smaller particles than paper and sand filters can.
Spent backwash water is either discharged without treatment to a sanitary sewer system or is treated and recycled within the plant. [4]: 22.37–22.40 Historically, backwash water was discharged directly to surface water supplies; however, direct discharge is now highly regulated through NPDES discharge permits and is often discouraged. Used ...
Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant, Washington, D.C. Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment.