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For example, a diode with a Zener breakdown voltage of 3.2 V exhibits a voltage drop of very nearly 3.2 V across a wide range of reverse currents. The Zener diode is therefore well suited for applications such as the generation of a reference voltage (e.g. for an amplifier stage), or as a voltage stabilizer for low-current applications. [2]
In the Zener diode, the concept of PIV is not applicable. A Zener diode contains a heavily doped p–n junction allowing electrons to tunnel from the valence band of the p-type material to the conduction band of the n-type material, such that the reverse voltage is "clamped" to a known value (called the Zener voltage), and avalanche does not ...
Diode circuit implementing AND in active-high logic. Note: in analog implementation exact output currents will be different from +5V supply. This circuit mirrors the previous gate: the diodes are reversed so that each input connects to the cathode of a diode and all anodes are connected together to the output, which has a pull-up resistor.
Here, the load current I R2 is supplied by the transistor whose base is now connected to the Zener diode. Thus the transistor's base current (I B) forms the load current for the Zener diode and is much smaller than the current through R 2. This regulator is classified as "series" because the regulating element, viz., the transistor, appears in ...
The transfer characteristic has exactly the same shape of the previous basic configuration, and the threshold values are the same as well. On the other hand, in the previous case, the output voltage was depending on the power supply, while now it is defined by the Zener diodes (which could also be replaced with a single double-anode Zener diode).
Characteristic to the current–voltage relationship of a tunneling diode is the presence of one or more negative differential resistance regions, which enables many unique applications. Tunneling diodes can be very compact and are also capable of ultra-high-speed operation because the quantum tunneling effect through the very thin layers is a ...
A digital clock made only with discrete transistors, diodes and resistors, no integrated circuits. This clock uses 550 switching diodes and 196 transistors to divide 60 Hz power-line frequency down to one pulse per second and provide a display of hours, minutes and seconds. The DTL propagation delay is relatively large. When the transistor goes ...
For example, the voltage of C 4 in the example would be at most 2U s - 4U f since there are 4 diodes between its positive terminal and the source. The total output voltage would be U(C 2) + U(C 4) = (2U s - 2U f) + (2U s - 4U f) = 4U s - 6U f. In a cascade with n stages of two diodes and two capacitors, the output voltage is equal to 2n U s - n ...