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The shear modulus is one of several quantities for measuring the stiffness of materials. All of them arise in the generalized Hooke's law: . Young's modulus E describes the material's strain response to uniaxial stress in the direction of this stress (like pulling on the ends of a wire or putting a weight on top of a column, with the wire getting longer and the column losing height),
Approximate bulk modulus (K) for other substances β-Carbon nitride: 427 ± 15 GPa [7] (predicted) Water: 2.2 GPa (0.32 Mpsi) (value increases at higher pressures) Methanol 823 MPa (at 20 °C and 1 Atm) Solid helium: 50 MPa (approximate) Air 142 kPa (adiabatic bulk modulus [or isentropic bulk modulus]) Air 101 kPa (isothermal bulk modulus ...
Other names are sometimes employed for one or both parameters, depending on context. For example, the parameter μ is referred to in fluid dynamics as the dynamic viscosity of a fluid (not expressed in the same units); whereas in the context of elasticity, μ is called the shear modulus, [2]: p.333 and is sometimes denoted by G instead of μ.
The shear modulus or modulus of rigidity (G or Lamé second parameter) describes an object's tendency to shear (the deformation of shape at constant volume) when acted upon by opposing forces; it is defined as shear stress over shear strain. The shear modulus is part of the derivation of viscosity. The bulk modulus (K) describes volumetric ...
In fracture mechanics, the stress intensity factor (K) is used to predict the stress state ("stress intensity") near the tip of a crack or notch caused by a remote load or residual stresses. [1] It is a theoretical construct usually applied to a homogeneous, linear elastic material and is useful for providing a failure criterion for brittle ...
Non-circular cross-sections always have warping deformations that require numerical methods to allow for the exact calculation of the torsion constant. [ 2 ] The torsional stiffness of beams with non-circular cross sections is significantly increased if the warping of the end sections is restrained by, for example, stiff end blocks.
It measures the resonant frequencies in order to calculate the Young's modulus, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio and internal friction of predefined shapes like rectangular bars, cylindrical rods and disc shaped samples. The measurements can be performed at room temperature or at elevated temperatures (up to 1700 °C) under different atmospheres.
In the isotropic case, the stiffness tensor may be written: [citation needed] = + (+) where is the Kronecker delta, K is the bulk modulus (or incompressibility), and is the shear modulus (or rigidity), two elastic moduli. If the medium is inhomogeneous, the isotropic model is sensible if either the medium is piecewise-constant or weakly ...