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An oospore is a thick-walled sexual spore that develops from a fertilized oosphere in some algae, fungi, and oomycetes. [1] They are believed to have evolved either through the fusion of two species or the chemically induced stimulation of mycelia , leading to oospore formation.
A nonmotile female gamete formed in the oogonium of some algae, fungi, oomycetes, or bryophytes is an oosphere. [2] When fertilized, the oosphere becomes the oospore. [clarification needed] When egg and sperm fuse during fertilisation, a diploid cell (the zygote) is formed, which rapidly grows into a new organism.
The antheridia will then form fertilization tubes connecting the antheridial cytoplasm with each oosphere within the oogonia. A haploid nucleus (gamete) from the antheridium will then be transferred through the fertilization tube into the oosphere, and fuse with the oosphere's haploid nucleus forming a diploid oospore.
The noosphere (alternate spelling noösphere) is a philosophical concept developed and popularized by the biogeochemist Vladimir Vernadsky and philosopher and Jesuit priest Pierre Teilhard de Chardin.
where E z is the vertical component of the electric field at the receiver in a distance ρ from the transmitter, E o is the electric field of a Hertzian dipole in free space, and = the angular frequency. In free space, it is =. Evidently, the Earth–ionosphere waveguide is dispersive because the transfer function depends on frequency.
Relationship of the atmosphere and ionosphere. The ionosphere (/ aɪ ˈ ɒ n ə ˌ s f ɪər /) [1] [2] is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth, from about 48 km (30 mi) to 965 km (600 mi) above sea level, [3] a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere.
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