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During laser welding, air bubbles can form and cause a degradation in the mechanical properties of the joint. Current inspection techniques are limited to finding air bubbles on the surface of the weld (optical and scanning electron microscopy). Destructive testing is usually required to find volumetric flaws.
Weld mapping is the process of assigning information to a weld repair or joint to enable easy identification of weld processes, production (welders, their qualifications, date welded), quality (visual inspection, NDT, standards and specifications) and traceability (tracking weld joints and welded castings, the origin of weld materials).
Visual inspection (VT), the most commonly applied NDT method, is quite often enhanced by the use of magnification, borescopes, cameras, or other optical arrangements for direct or remote viewing. The internal structure of a sample can be examined for a volumetric inspection with penetrating radiation (RT), such as X-rays , neutrons or gamma ...
In addition to welders and welding machine operators, there are also schemes to independently certify welding inspectors and related specialities. The duties of the welding inspector are described in ISO 14731; [12] however the requirement for inspector certification are not standardized, so there are differences in requirement between the various schemes.
Inspection techniques can be portable or stationary. Industrial radiography is used in welding , casting parts or composite pieces inspection, in food inspection and luggage control, in sorting and recycling, in EOD and IED analysis, aircraft maintenance , ballistics , turbine inspection, in surface characterisation, coating thickness ...
Application of the penetrant to a part in a ventilated test area. 2. Application of Penetrant: The penetrant is then applied to the surface of the item being tested. The penetrant is usually a brilliant coloured mobile fluid with high wetting capability. [1] The penetrant is allowed "dwell time" to soak into any flaws (generally 5 to 30 minutes).