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Several surnames have multiple spellings; this is sometimes due to unrelated families bearing the same surname. A single surname in either language may have multiple translations in the other. In some English translations of the names, the M(a)c- prefix may be omitted in the English, e.g. Bain vs MacBain, Cowan vs MacCowan, Ritchie vs MacRitchie.
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According to Joslin Fiennes's Origins of English surnames modern surnames were not used until the fourteenth century: [2] "Surnames exploded into the records in the late fourteenth century, and document a unique history of ordinary medieval society during a short period of extraordinary social change.
In Dutch linguistics, many names use certain qualifying words (prepositions) which are positioned between a person's given name and their surname. Although these words, tussenvoegsels , are not strictly essential to state the person's surname, they are nevertheless a part of the surname and are almost always included for clarity.
The earliest documented Basque surnames occur on Aquitanian inscriptions from the time of the Roman conquest of Hispania and Gallia Aquitania.For the most part these can be easily identified with modern or medieval Basque surnames, for example ENNECONIS (the personal name Eneko plus the Latin genitive ending -IS, stem augmented by -N) > Enekoitz.
Pages in category "Surnames of Norman origin" The following 109 pages are in this category, out of 109 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. A. Anquetil;
E – "and", between surnames (Maria Eduarda de Canto e Mello) [citation needed] Fitz – ( Irish , from Norman French ) "son of", from Latin " filius " meaning "son" (mistakenly thought to mean illegitimate son, because of its use for certain illegitimate sons of English kings) [ citation needed ]
The surnames recorded within are for the most part very similar to those found in England at around the same date, consisting of local, patronymic and occupational names, and nicknames. Some of the local surnames with the roll are derived from places within Scotland; there are very few Gaelic surnames recorded in the roll. [2]