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The nematodes (/ ˈ n ɛ m ə t oʊ d z / NEM-ə-tohdz or NEEM-; Ancient Greek: Νηματώδη; Latin: Nematoda), roundworms or eelworms constitute the phylum Nematoda. Species in the phylum inhabit a broad range of environments. Most species are free-living, feeding on microorganisms, but many are parasitic.
The Chromadorea are a class of the roundworm phylum, Nematoda.They contain a single subclass (Chromadoria) and several orders.With such a redundant arrangement, the Chromadoria are liable to be divided if the orders are found to form several clades, or abandoned if they are found to constitute a single radiation.
Rhabditida is an order of free-living, parasitic and microbivorous nematodes living in soil. The Cephalobidae , Panagrolaimidae , Steinernematidae , and Strongyloididae seem to be closer to the Tylenchia , regardless of whether these are merged with the Rhabditia or not.
Tylenchidae is a family of nematodes. They are an important group of soil dwelling species that frequently contributes as much as 30% to the nematode species richness of soil samples. [2] They diverged relatively early on and many species pose little risk to economically important plant species. [2]
Enoplea (enopleans) is a class, which with the classes Secernentea [1] and Chromadorea make up the phylum Nematoda in current taxonomy. [2] [3] [4] The Enoplea are considered to be a more ancestral group than the Chromadorea, and researchers have referred to its members as the "ancestrally diverged nematodes", compared to the "more recently diverged nematodes" of Chromadorea.
The nematodes drop off the beetle, and infect healthy pine trees when the adult beetles eat the young pine branches. [ 16 ] The pine wilt nematode is spread by a number of bark beetles and wood borers , typically associated with the genus Monochamus of pine sawyers. [ 17 ]
This clade, that is, a group consisting of a common ancestor and all its descendants, was formally named by Aguinaldo et al. in 1997, based mainly on phylogenetic trees constructed using 18S ribosomal RNA genes. [10] A large study in 2008 by Dunn et al. strongly supported the monophyly of Ecdysozoa. [11]
Meloidogyne incognita is probably the most economically important plant-parasitic nematode species among the tropical and subtropical regions. This nematode is extremely polyphagous, attacking both monocotyledons and dicotyledons.