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In humans, approximately 60 percent of the energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP produces metabolic heat rather than fuel the actual reactions taking place. [4] Due to the acid-base properties of ATP, ADP, and inorganic phosphate, the hydrolysis of ATP has the effect of lowering the pH of the reaction medium.
The energy used by human cells in an adult requires the hydrolysis of 100 to 150 mol/L of ATP daily, which means a human will typically use their body weight worth of ATP over the course of the day. [30] Each equivalent of ATP is recycled 1000–1500 times during a single day (150 / 0.1 = 1500), [29] at approximately 9×10 20 molecules/s. [29]
ATP hydrolysis may widen the periplasmic opening and push the substrate towards the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer. Hydrolysis of the second ATP molecule and release of P i separates the NBDs followed by restoration of the resting state, opening the chamber towards the cytoplasm for another cycle. [41] [44] [52] [55] [81] [85]
269523 Ensembl ENSG00000165280 ENSMUSG00000028452 UniProt P55072 Q01853 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_007126 NM_001354927 NM_001354928 NM_009503 RefSeq (protein) NP_009057 NP_001341856 NP_001341857 NP_033529 Location (UCSC) Chr 9: 35.05 – 35.07 Mb Chr 4: 42.98 – 43 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Valosin-containing protein (VCP) or transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase ...
Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine diphosphate Adenosine monophosphate. ATPases (EC 3.6.1.3, Adenosine 5'-TriPhosphatase, adenylpyrophosphatase, ATP monophosphatase, triphosphatase, SV40 T-antigen, ATP hydrolase, complex V (mitochondrial electron transport), (Ca 2+ + Mg 2+)-ATPase, HCO 3 −-ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase) are a class of enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of ATP into ADP ...
The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate-level phosphorylation, which does not require oxygen. Fermentation is less efficient at using the energy from glucose: only 2 ATP are produced per glucose, compared to the 38 ATP per glucose nominally produced by aerobic respiration. Glycolytic ATP, however, is produced more quickly.
ATP hydrolysis is used to transport hydrogen ions against the electrochemical gradient (from low to high hydrogen ion concentration). Phosphorylation of the carrier protein and the binding of a hydrogen ion induce a conformational (shape) change that drives the hydrogen ions to transport against the electrochemical gradient.
Phosphorylation is essential to the processes of both anaerobic and aerobic respiration, which involve the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the "high-energy" exchange medium in the cell. During aerobic respiration, ATP is synthesized in the mitochondrion by addition of a third phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in a ...