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In general, for an acid AH n at concentration c 1 reacting with a base B(OH) m at concentration c 2 the volumes are related by: n v 1 c 1 = m v 2 c 2. An example of a base being neutralized by an acid is as follows. Ba(OH) 2 + 2 H + → Ba 2+ + 2 H 2 O. The same equation relating the concentrations of acid and base applies.
An acid–alkali reaction is a special case of an acid–base reaction, where the base used is also an alkali. When an acid reacts with an alkali salt (a metal hydroxide), the product is a metal salt and water. Acid–alkali reactions are also neutralization reactions. In general, acid–alkali reactions can be simplified to
The Deacon process, invented by Henry Deacon, is a process used during the manufacture of alkalis (the initial end product was sodium carbonate) by the Leblanc process. Hydrogen chloride gas was converted to chlorine gas, which was then used to manufacture a commercially valuable bleaching powder , and at the same time the emission of waste ...
Saponification is a process of cleaving esters into carboxylate salts and alcohols by the action of aqueous alkali. Typically aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions are used. [1] [2] It is an important type of alkaline hydrolysis. When the carboxylate is long chain, its salt is called a soap.
Bases react with acids to neutralize each other at a fast rate both in water and in alcohol. [7] When dissolved in water, the strong base sodium hydroxide ionizes into hydroxide and sodium ions: + + and similarly, in water the acid hydrogen chloride forms hydronium and chloride ions:
The Perkin reaction is an organic reaction developed by English chemist William Henry Perkin in 1868 that is used to make cinnamic acids.It gives an α,β-unsaturated aromatic acid or α-substituted β-aryl acrylic acid by the aldol condensation of an aromatic aldehyde and an acid anhydride, in the presence of an alkali salt of the acid.
The Solvay process or ammonia–soda process is the major industrial process for the production of sodium carbonate (soda ash, Na 2 CO 3). The ammonia–soda process was developed into its modern form by the Belgian chemist Ernest Solvay during the 1860s. [ 1 ]
A special case of the acid-base reaction is the neutralization where an acid and a base, taken at the exact same amounts, form a neutral salt. Acid-base reactions can have different definitions depending on the acid-base concept employed. Some of the most common are: